Reddit mentions of Abraham Kuyper: Lectures on Calvinism: Six Lectures from the Stone Foundation Lectures Delivered at Princeton University

This is a very interesting question. It's not the top 5 Reformed Theologians, but the Top 5 Reformed Theologians you can learn from, which is a rather different question. The answer will depend on where you are in your own spiritual and theological journey as much as it does on the characteristics of the theologians listed. My suggestions, with an eye for gentle introductions to their work instead of throwing you straight into their magnus opus:

• R.C. Sproul: He wasn't a particularly original thinker, but his great gift was making theology accessible to the everyday man (or woman). First read: Chosen by God.
  
• John Calvin: Still the giant of Reformed Theology. He can be intimidating, but it's not as hard as you might think. First read: A Little Book on the Christian Life.
  
• Herman Bavinck: In my mind the most important Reforme Theologian since Calvin. First read: Our Reasonable Faith
  
• G.K. Berkouwer: For decades, his Studies in Dogmatics column and book series was the standard resource for Reformed clergy and laity seeking to understand complex theological topics. First read: any of the Studies in Dogmatics book, but particularly, The Person of Christ.
  
• Abraham Kuyper: The former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, famous for opposing secularism and modernism, and for proclaiming the Lordship of Christ over all Creation. First read: Lectures on Calvinism
  
  It is also an absolute must to read carefully the Reformed Confessions, including the Heidelburg Catechism, the Belgic Confession, the Canons of Dort and the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms
  
  You can also avail yourself of the /r/Reformed Recommended Reading list compiled by /u/peasantcore which has many excellent books.
  
  All of the authors I listed above have passed into glory. If you would be interesting in living Reformed authors, I would recommend, among many others, Michael Allen, Todd Billings, James K.A. Smith, Timothy Keller, and Al Wolters.
  
  

Depends how familiar you are with Reformed theology already. I wouldn't say it is the best place to start in reformed theology. I would maybe start with Kuyper's Stone Lectures or maybe Bavinck. I would say be weary of anyone who tries to boil down Calvinism to 5 points. If you find a book that does that, it is doing Calvinism a serious injustice.

Just started reading this book, containing a series of lectures delivered by Abraham Kuyper. It's amusingly non-PC, which you might expect, considering he delivered those lectures in 1898. He has some interesting arguments about which worldviews, or as he likes to say, "life systems," contribute to a more free and fair society.

He breaks down these life-systems into 5 primary philosophies:

1. Paganism
   
2. Modernism
   
3. Roman Catholicism
   
4. Islamism
   
5. Calvinism
   
   These five systems, Kuyper contends, each propose their own distinct schema for how we humans (should) relate to God, our fellow man, and the world/nature. Obviously, many people would take issue with dividing these systems up on seemingly religious grounds, but I think Kuyper's argument would be that you cannot establish a complete worldview without some opinion toward the metaphysical. Kuyper subsumes atheism, agnosticism, or whatever flavor of anti-theism one may prefer, under the umbrella of Modernism.
   
   Anyway, it may not be airtight, but this way of looking at the world and its competing "life-systems" provides an interesting opportunity for thought experiments, e.g., trying to imagine some system of thought that evades Kuyper's definitions.

Political Theology is a neglected area, especially in Baptist circles. I think the data shows that, since there is a huge percentage of "Not Sure" answers on that question. Among Calvinists,Two-Kingdoms Theology and Neo-Calvinism tend to be the most popular views. So far, this claim is supported by the data in the Survey, since 22% of the responders voted for Two-Kingdoms Theology and 16.3% voted for Neo-Calvinism; these are the two most popular choices on the survey.

During the Reformation, Two Kingdoms Theology was the most popular view among Calvinists and Lutherans. Most people who hold to this view are Amillenialists.

In the late 1800's, Abraham Kuyper was very influential in reviving Calvinism in the Netherlands, promoting a view now known as Neo-Calvinism. A more extreme view of Neo-Calvinism known as Christian Reconstructionism was promoted by R.J. Rushdoony and Greg Bahnsen, which advocates for theonomy. Most Neo-Calvinists and Reconstructionists tend to hold Post-Millenial views.

Here's some books if you want to learn more:

Two Kingdoms Theology:

The Two Kingdoms: A Guide for the Perplexed by Bradford Littlejohn

Living in God's Two Kingdoms by David Vandrunen.


Neo-Calvinism:

Lectures on Calvinism by Abraham Kuyper

Contours of the Kuyperian Tradition by Craig Bartholomew


Christian Reconstructionism/ Theonomy

By This Standard: The Authority of God's Law Today - Greg Bahnsen

Neo-Calvinism & Christian Theonomy by J. Glenn Friesen