Reddit mentions of Some Theory of Sampling

If you want theoretical / mathematical I would suggest reading a few math, stats or engineering books.

Dover is a great place to find some cheaper reading material. They republish old scientific and math texts that were popular in their time in a smaller sized paperback. They're a nice size to bring around with you and they don't cost much.

Math and stats findings of today build on this knowledge, and much of it is still used in state-of-the-art applications. Or, that math/stats is used as part of some state-of-the-art algorithm. Lots of the newest ML algorithms are blending math from a variety of areas.

Statistical analysis of experimental data

Principals of Statistics

Information Theory

Statistics Manual

Some theory of sampling

Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers (Hamming)

Mathematical Handbook for Scientists Engineers

Handbook of Mathematical Functions: with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables

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There is also the Data-Science Humble Bundle for more technical / practical skill building.

Best $17.60 you'll ever spend