Reddit mentions of Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures Using Python SECOND EDITION

I am half way through Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures. It is an extremely well written book. It explains the fundamental data structures (queues, stacks, deques, trees, graphs, maps, linked lists, and more) and algorithms (breadth first search, recursion, traversing trees, search/sorting, hashing, caching, priority, and more) in great detail.

I'm half way through it and honestly I had no clue what on earth data structures and algorithms was, now I am way more knowledgeable. I solved every single problem in the textbook so far and each problem is presented in such a way that it utilizes material from previous chapters and encourages synergizing different concepts.

Classic Computer Science Problems in Python
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1617295981

Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python: With Application to Understanding Data (The MIT Press) second edition Edition
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0262529629

Python for Programmers: with Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Case Studies
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0135224330

Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures Using Python
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1590282574

Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science, 3rd Ed.
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1590282752

I'd search for an algorithms book that uses Python. This one, perhaps: Python Algorithms: Mastering Basic Algorithms in the Python Language https://www.amazon.com/dp/148420056X/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_8HnczbRMZXS0Q

Maybe also a data structures specific text? This one has algorithms and data structures: Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures Using Python SECOND EDITION https://www.amazon.com/dp/1590282574/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_EJnczbP3AAHYW

Maybe this book will give you a sense of the differences in Python and C++: Data Structures and Algorithms Using Python and C++ https://www.amazon.com/dp/1590282337/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_api_JKnczbWWF9XMS

There is a ton of fundamental knowledge about computing that you just can't get via Python, that Python abstracts away, and/or is very important to understand to write useful code. You'd want to study theory of computation, computing systems, operating systems, programming languages, etc.

But a basic understanding of how to devise, implement, and analyze algorithms is generally a good place to begin your education.

I've used this for 2 weeks, covers some basics and has practice problems and questions at the end of every chapter.
https://www.amazon.com/Problem-Solving-Algorithms-Structures-Python/dp/1590282574/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1498904735&sr=8-2&keywords=python+algorithms+data+structures

Solutions can be found: http://interactivepython.org/courselib/static/pythonds/index.html

If you really want to practice algorithms and data-structures I'd suggest sites like hackerrank or the book: https://www.amazon.com/Cracking-Coding-Interview-Programming-Questions/dp/0984782850/ref=pd_sim_14_20?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=0984782850&pd_rd_r=4YMFH5B5NS49VN6CYF9R&pd_rd_w=EKQqU&pd_rd_wg=TCGRX&psc=1&refRID=4YMFH5B5NS49VN6CYF9R

https://projecteuler.net/about is also a good site, I've done about 40 problems there in the last week.

Part of thinking logically is knowing what tools are available to you, so I'd recommend reading some books to gain an overhead view (data structures, standard libraries, design patterns, etc) of Python.  I put together a list that I'm working through @ this Gist.  Based on your question, I'd recommend reading Fluent Python to start, and then check out Problem Solving with Algorithms and Data Structures (along with any others that interest you).
 
In addition to 3burk's math-based suggestions, Project Euler is another good option.
 
Some interactive coding-challenge options:

• CoderByte
  This is the more beginner-friendly of the two. The questions are well-balanced for all skill levels, and they have well-explained official solutions.
  
• LeetCode
  This one is a bit more advanced, but definitely worth checking out once you're ready since the solutions are ranked by efficiency (in milliseconds & Big-O complexity) instead of arbitrary points.  You can learn a lot by figuring out your own solution, and then checking out more efficient solutions to learn what you could have done better. There's also a forum where you can discuss how/why certain methods are more efficient.
  
   
  Also, check out this post I wrote in response to a similar question for a bunch more coding resources (challenges, books, projects, etc).