Reddit mentions of Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science

You might be interested in Dewitt's Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science. I think that after reading that book, your views on science will be strengthened in some ways and weakened in others.

That book is fairly accessible. If you'd like something a bit deeper/more technical you could check out Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Popper's In Search of a Better World, and Feyerabend's Against Method.

Those books offer three very different views on science. The first two are more popular than the last, which is a less impacting, but very interesting in my estimation.

A great book to check out is Worldviews by DeWitt. It's a strong introduction to the history and philosoohy of science that I've had recommended to me. Cohen's The Birth of a New Physics is one of the books I used in my Phil of Sci course and I enjoyed it quite a bit. Maudlin's Philosophy of Physics is highly reviewed.

From a historical perspective The Mind has No Sex is a facinsting exploration on the role of sex and gender in physiology. I believe philosophy of biology is picking up recently, and amazon search for that should give a good series of anthologies to look through.

A good place to start is always the Very Short Introduction series, which covers a lot of the specific topics in brief. Alternatively, the Oxford Handbook series Phil of Physics or Phil of Biology offer a huge range of topics and essays, but they're a little pricey.

Edit: Achinstein's works are what I usually reference. He has an anthology out covering a large range of historical and contemporary philosophy of language.

I was taught a very similar explanation during last semester in a History and Philosophy of Science Course. For additional reading, see Worldviews by Richard DeWitt.

http://www.amazon.com/Worldviews-Introduction-History-Philosophy-Science/dp/1405195630/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1342795381&sr=1-1&keywords=worldviews+an+introduction+to+the+history+and+philosophy+of+science