Reddit mentions of The Vintage Guide to Classical Music: An Indispensable Guide for Understanding and Enjoying Classical Music

A basic music theory textbook sounds like what you're looking for; I think I used an older edition of this when I was in school.

If you're really interested in classical music, a basic history book might help as well. I'm a big fan of The Vintage Guide to Classical Music, which is interesting, informative, and very readable. It features chapters on a number of different composers and provides just the right amount of depth for a newcomer on each, ~20 pages each.

I've recently begun reading this book on the history of Classical music and I am enjoying it.

https://www.amazon.es/gp/product/0679728058/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o01_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1

I use this book all the time its great

Can you find this one: https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-Guide-Classical-Music-Indispensable

You are getting great recommendations in this thread and will probably get many more. If your interest is piqued, The Vintage Guide to Classical Music is a great overview of composers and styles.

I will second Dvorak's "New World" Symphony which someone else has already suggested.

I dont know about the Beethoven one but this one sounds really, really cool https://www.amazon.com/Vintage-Guide-Classical-Music-Indispensable/dp/0679728058

The Vintage Guide to Classical Music: An Indispensable Guide for Understanding and Enjoying Classical Music