Reddit mentions of Thought and Language - Revised Edition

The best route is to take up a course on Logic.

Study introductory predicate logic. Break statements into predicates - identify their antecedent and consequent. Identify the differences between a predicate's negation, inverse, converse, and contrapositive; more importantly, how they can be used to derive logical Truth. Familiarize yourself with Gödel's completeness theorem.

Next, learn to identify a fallacy; study up on logical fallacies.

Cognitive Biases are the next most important step. Being aware of your own cognitive biases will help you identify when your analyses are being skewed.

Study everything about everything. More information about your domain of concern will granter you further insight for analysis.

Lastly, take care of yourself. Get lots of sleep, eat healthy, and exercise; your judgement will be impaired if you don't.


Some books to help:

• Aristotle's Organon: Amalgamation of Aristotle's work on logic and reason. The starting point for most Logisticians.
  
• Critique of Pure Reason: Kant's works on logic and reason are pretty much mandatory - but require careful study.
  
• Critique of Practical Reason: Another of Kant's works. Read this after the critique of pure reason.
  
• Science of Logic: Hegel's work is an extension of Kant and Aristotle - also mandatory.
  
• An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding: Hume's works are a much easier read, but aren't as explicitly stated.
  
• Informal Logic a Pragmatic Approach: The best introductory logic book I've read.
  
• LANGUAGE, COGNITION, AND HUMAN NATURE: Steve Pinker has an unique perspective as a psychologist, linguist, and cog. scientist. This book highlights some of his more interesting insights.
  
• Thought and Language: Offers interesting insights into some innate biases in language and culture.
  
• A Rulebook For Arguments: This provides nice introductory reference material for fallacies and argumentation.
  
• Thank you for Arguing: Exploits fallacies and cognitive biases to pursuade an audience in an argument. Witty and easy to read.
  
  Edit: Added book suggestions.