Reddit mentions of Micca Pure Copper Speaker Wire with Gold Plated Banana Plugs, 14AWG, 12 Feet (4 Meter), Pair

Speakers don't include speaker wire.

Pure Copper Oxygen Free (OFC) 14 Gauge Speaker Wire 50 ft, or 16 Gauge, and cut to size with self adjusting wire strippers, then optionally add banana plugs. Or already with banana plugs, Micca 12ft, DFWCableConnection or Blue Jeans Cable.

Speaker Wire: How to Choose the Right Gauge and Type - Crutchfield

Guides:

• Stereo and Home Theater: r/HTBuyingGuides FAQ • How to Set Up a Basic Home Theater System - Lifewire • How to Set Up Your Home Theater Receiver • Speaker Placement for Home Theater • TV vertically centered at eye level while seated • r/hometheater.
  
• Home Audio: Intro to home stereo systems • Zeos Tutorials, Diagrams and Videos • Guide to Home Audio • AverageJoeAudiophile's Guides
  
• 2 Speaker Positioning: Speaker Placement for Stereo Music Listening • How to position your speakers for great sound

Pretty much stay away from anything that is a 2.1 system, such as the Klipsch you mentioned. Also, definitely stay away from Logitech.

Let me make that Micca setup 'plug n play' for you.

Going from your computer, use this cable to plug into this amplifier. Then, use these cables to plug the amp into the speakers. In the long run, you're pluging two more things in than you would if you were plugging in just a pair of powered speakers.

Basically, a speaker that you want doesn't exist. Something the same size as your Logitechs, has a subwoofer, has a headphone output, and sounds good, all for under $140 just isn't a thing. The setup I mentioned is the closest you'll get. You can add a subwoofer if you need to in the future.

I'll list a few options that do fit everything you want, except for budget:

Micca OoO - They're small and will fit. Topping MX3 - Amplifier with a headphone out. Dayton SUB-800 - the cheapest subwoofer you can buy.

Audioengine A2+ - Small speakers. The problem, however, is that speakers don't have headphone outputs. So, you'd need to do that manually. Schiit SYS - output switcher. Send one signal to the speakers and the other to an amp for your headphones.

What I'm trying to get at here is that you don't really have a 'perfect' solution to your problem. The first one I linked to with the Miccas is probably your best bet.

https://www.accessories4less.com/make-a-store/item/denavrx2400h/denon-avr-x2400h-7.2-ch-x-95-watts-a/v-receiver-w/heos/1.html

And a pair of these

https://www.accessories4less.com/make-a-store/item/pionspfs52/pioneer-sp-fs52-5.25-3-way-floorstanding-speaker-black-each/1.html

And https://www.amazon.com/Micca-Copper-Speaker-Plated-Banana/dp/B078SBL7JM/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=Micca+speaker+cable&qid=1563650795&s=gateway&sr=8-3

Monoprice speaker wire was always the go to, but it has gone up in price. $54 for 100 feet, I paid $41 a year ago for the same.

Audioholics recommends Kabeldirekt speaker wire. Doesn't appear to be available in 12 gauge wire, but 14 gauge would be fine. I had bought 12 gauge myself because I had to run about 30 feet of wire for my rear speakers.

These Micca Cables are very nice as well.

Expensive speaker wire is snake oil. If your wires are exposed, you may simply want fancy looking wires, but it wont change the sound quality.

Speaker Stand Height? Looking at Pangea DS400/Monoprice Monoliths

Speaker Wire With Banana Plugs?

Optical Cable?

Speakers:Buchardt S400

Amp: PS Audio Sprout 100

I noticed the stands come in 24, 28 and 32 inches. I have a pair of 29 inch barstools and just imagining the speakers on them it seems that both drivers would be at ear level but if I get the 32 inch stands the tweeter would seem to be more at ear level since the tweeter is on the bottom. But the speakers are also slightly angled upwards...

I've also been looking at these cables. The shorter one is 12 AWG at 6.6 feet long and the longer one is 14 AWG at 12 feet. I'm thinking I should just go with the longer one as the difference in gauge shouldn't make that much different at those lengths.